DISEASES AND AILMENTS learn to recognize, understand, and prevent diseases and health conditions.

Poultry can be affected by various diseases and health problems that may influence their well-being, behaviour, growth, and productivity. These problems may be caused by infections, parasites, injuries, or poor environmental conditions. Common signs of ill health include lethargy, reduced appetite, poor feather condition, diarrhoea, breathing difficulties, and decreased egg production.

Infectious diseases are often caused by viruses or bacteria and can spread quickly between birds, particularly in overcrowded or unhygienic environments. Parasites such as mites, lice, and worms are also common and may cause irritation, anaemia, and weight loss.

Poultry may also suffer from injuries and physical strain, including foot sores, broken claws, and problems affecting the joints or legs. Stress, poor ventilation, damp conditions, and overcrowding increase the risk of both illness and behavioural problems, such as feather picking and aggression.

Another condition seen in poultry is cross beak, in which the upper and lower beaks grow out of alignment and cross over one another. Cross beak may be present from birth or develop because of injury or abnormal growth. Affected birds may have difficulty eating, drinking, and preening properly. In mild cases, the bird may live normally with additional supervision, while more severe cases may require regular beak care and adapted feeding methods.

Some poultry also have genetic mutations or breeding-related traits that can affect their health. One example is crested ducks. The crest is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the shape of the skull. In some individuals, an opening or depression develops in the skull, known as a vaulted skull. This may make the bird more vulnerable to neurological problems, balance difficulties, and head injuries. In some cases, the mutation may also result in higher mortality among embryos or newly hatched ducklings. Despite this, many crested ducks can live normal lives when kept in a safe environment and bred responsibly.

To help prevent diseases and other health problems, it is important to provide good hygiene, clean water, sufficient space, and regular health checks. Good husbandry and effective biosecurity contribute to healthier poultry with a better quality of life.